More than a month ago, on the week of September 1 to 6, the Philippine League Against Epilepsy (PLAE) held a National Epilepsy Awareness week which culminated with a Tripartite Symposium for Neurologists discussing Marijuana in Epilepsy, one of the emerging issues in the treatment of epilepsy. The following day, the Epilepsy Exemplar Awards was held in recognition of the people who excelled in their professions or schools despite suffering from this condition. These activities are just the start of a series of on-going campaign to educate Filipinos about epilepsy: its impact, treatment, emerging issues, and even debunking common myths surrounding this condition.
PLAE gives us a rundown of the Impact of Epilepsy:
- Epilepsy is present in around 1% of the global population. This may be higher in developing countries.
- In a country such as the Philippines with a population of 93 million, this means that an estimated 930,000 people suffer from epilepsy.
- Local prevalence study: 230 persons with epilepsy / 100,000 population.
- Epilepsy strikes most often among the very young and the very old, although anyone can get it at any age.
- The mortality rate among people with epilepsy is two to three times higher than the general population and the risk of sudden death is 24 times greater.
- People with epilepsy can die of seizures and related-causes, including status epilepticus (non-stop seizures), sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), drowning and other accidents.
- Twenty to thirty percent of people with epilepsy are severely affected and continue to have seizures despite treatment.
- Of major chronic medical conditions, epilepsy is among the least understood even though one in three adults know someone with the disorder.
- Lack of knowledge about proper seizure first aid exposes affected individuals to injury from unnecessary restraint and from objects needlessly forced into the mouth.
- The leading non-medical problem confronting people with epilepsy is discrimination in education, employment and social acceptance.
- The association between epilepsy and depression is especially strong. More than one of every three persons with epilepsy are also affected by the mood disorder, and people with a history of depression have a 3 to 7 times higher risk of developing epilepsy.
- From studies abroad, depression is reported by 24-74% of patients with epilepsy; anxiety in 10-25%.
- Around 64% of people with epilepsy in the Philippines suffer from anxiety and 51% from depression.
- Living with epilepsy presents challenges affecting many aspects of life, including relationships with family and friends, school, employment and leisure activities.
Epilepsy is often a misunderstood condition as evidenced by the false beliefs or assumptions surrounding it. Differentiating fact from myth would be very vital in treating and aiding the sufferers.
Some Facts and Fallacies About Epilepsy:
It is a
mental condition and leads to insanity.
Fact: Epilepsy is a brain condition characterized
by recurrent seizures. Seizures are sudden, brief abnormalities of behavior,
thought, movement or sensation generally lasting for a few minutes. Seizures
are caused by a hyperactive, disorganized electrical activity from the brain.
Although psychosis may be found in only 2-7% of
persons with epilepsy, it is the exception rather than the rule.
It is
caused by spirit possession or “pagsasapi”.
Fact: Although movies, literature and folklore
refer to seizures as arising from a spirit possession because of some
similarities in their manifestations, seizures can be documented scientifically
as abnormal brain activity on EEG, unlike demon possession. Seizures are not
dealt with by exorcism or prayer; only by medications and in other cases, brain
surgery and a special diet (ketogenic diet, doctor prescribed).
It is
contagious or can be inherited.
In the past decades, this
fallacy has caused many patients with epilepsy to be shunned from society and
from pursuing marriage and having a family.
Fact: Many conditions can cause epilepsy. In a
small number of patients (10-15%), the susceptibility or predisposition to
develop seizures may be inherited. However, for the most number of patients, it
can be due to other brain insults. It may happen in those with a history of
head injury. It may also happen to those with hypoxic brain injury sustained
from a birth complication ( lack of brain oxygen in the baby during child birth
– ex. due to coiled cord around neck of baby, difficult labor, maternal
complications leading to fetal distress). It may also result from an infection
of the brain (meningitis, encephalitis), brain tumors, strokes, prolonged
convulsions in childhood. The cause may be unknown in around 40% of cases.
This leads us to another interesting question:
Can
Epilepsy be Prevented?
Many
cases of epilepsy can be prevented by wearing seatbelts and bicycle helmets,
putting children in car seats, and other measures that prevent head injury and
other trauma. Prescribing
medication after first or second seizures or febrile seizures also may help
prevent epilepsy in some cases. Good prenatal care, including treatment of high
blood pressure and infections during pregnancy, can prevent brain damage in the
developing baby that may lead to epilepsy and other neurological problems
later. Treating cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, infections, and other disorders that can affect
the brain during adulthood and aging also may prevent many cases of epilepsy.
Finally, identifying the genes for many neurological disorders can provide
opportunities for genetic screening and prenatal diagnosis that may ultimately prevent many
cases of epilepsy.
Epilepsy
patients are retarded.
Fact: This is a misperception because epilepsy is highly prevalent among
other disability groups such as autism (25.5%), cerebral palsy (13%), Down
syndrome (13.6%) and mental retardation (25.5%). However, if one looks at the
entire population of people suffering from epilepsy, majority of them have
normal IQs, are able to go to school and sustain gainful employment.
Patients
with epilepsy shouldn’t get stressed so they should not study or work or
indulge in sports and leisure activity.
Fact: The relationship between the occurrence of
psycho-mental stress and seizures is at present unstudied. Patients associate
stressful periods with an increase in seizures. Many experts believe it is the
effects of stress such as disturbed sleep and missing meals and medications
that bring about an increase in seizures rather than the psychological or
mental preoccupation itself.
The fact that there are philosophers, world
leaders, artists, writers, politicians and athletes who have epilepsy prove
that epilepsy should not pose a limitation to mental and physical activities.
Patients
with epilepsy shouldn’t get married because they might pass on their epilepsy
to their children. (See above on epilepsy and inheritance.)
When a
patient starts to have a seizure, the best first aid is to stick a spoon inside
his mouth.
Fact: When a person goes into a seizure, there are
very powerful muscle contractions that suddenly cause him to fall, stop
breathing, bite his tongue and clamp his jaw. Inserting an object into his
mouth has been found to be more detrimental to the patients and has caused
dental fractures, mouth lacerations and suffocation. It is not encouraged.
Rather, one should 1) cushion the patient’s head
with a soft pillow, 2) loosen his clothing around the neck, 3) remove harmful
objects around him which can hurt or injure him, 4) turn him to his side to
prevent suffocation and allow drainage of saliva and 5) time the seizures. If
seizures last 5 minutes or more or the patient has been injured, the patient
should be brought immediately to the emergency room.
Antiepileptic medications are toxic (“naluluto
ang utak”) and should not be taken for a long time.
Fact: Epilepsy is a chronic condition and needs long
term intake of antiepileptic drug, the minimum of which is 2-5 years, depending
on its cause. Patients are always advised to take their medications daily to
prevent seizures from recurring each day. There are minor side effects with
long term intake, esp. on the bone, cognition, blood elements or liver but
these can be monitored by the doctor on regular follow-up.
Treatment
- Epilepsy should be accurately diagnosed so that an effective treatment can be given.
- Diagnosis is by a good clinical evaluation from a doctor who is familiar with the disease. In addition, other tests like an EEG (electroencephalogram, recording of brain waves) may be requested to confirm and classify the epilepsy; as well as a CT Scan or MRI of the brain, to find out what is causing it.
- Once epilepsy is diagnosed, it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible. Research suggests that medication and other treatments may be less successful in treating epilepsy when delayed and when seizures and their consequences have become established.
- Doctors who treat epilepsy come from many different fields of medicine. They include neurologists, pediatricians, pediatric neurologists, internists, and family physicians, as well as neurosurgeons and doctors called epileptologists who specialize in treating epilepsy.
- People who need specialized or intensive care for epilepsy may be treated at large Epilepsy centers (at St Luke’s Medical Center, Makati Medical Center, Philippine General Hospital, Medical City, Philippine Children’s Medical Center) and neurology clinics at hospitals or by neurologists in private practice.
- An EEG costs from between 800- 2500 pesos; while an CT scan costs 5,000- 6,000 pesos; an MRI 7,000 – 12,000 pesos.
- Medications and other treatments help manage seizures. More than 12 different antiepileptic drugs are now on the market in the Philippines, all with different benefits and side effects.
- The choice of which drug to prescribe, and at what dosage, depends on many different factors, including the type of seizures a person has, the person’s lifestyle and age, how frequently the seizures occur, and, for a woman, the likelihood that she will become pregnant. People with epilepsy should follow their doctor’s advice and share any concerns they may have regarding their medication.
- For most people with epilepsy, seizures can be controlled with just one drug at the right dose.
- Using too many drugs in combination can worsen or aggravate side effects such as fatigue and decreased appetite, so doctors usually prescribe monotherapy, or the use of just one drug, whenever possible. Combinations of drugs are sometimes prescribed if monotherapy fails to effectively control a patient’s seizures.
- Patients have to take medications 1-3x/day, everyday, for several years and other cases, for their lifetime.
- Most side effects of antiepileptic drugs are relatively minor, such as fatigue, dizziness, or weight gain. However, severe and life-threatening side effects such as allergic reactions can occur.
- Epilepsy medication also may predispose people to developing depression or psychoses. People with epilepsy should consult a doctor immediately if they develop any kind of rash while on medication, or if they find themselves depressed or otherwise unable to think in a rational manner.
- If seizures are controlled within 2-5 years of medications, medications are eventually tapered and discontinued upon the advise of the doctor.
- Some 20-30% of patients continue to have seizures that impact their daily lives in spite of medications.
- People taking epilepsy medication should be sure to check with their doctor and/or seek a second medical opinion if their medication does not appear to be working or if it causes unexpected side effects.
Do you know of someone who suffers from this condition or do you suffer from it? Understanding paves the way to better treatment and getting the proper assistance and care.
Material Source:
Philippine League Against Epilepsy (PLAE)
References
:
Navarro,
J. et al. PNA Research Committee. PNA Community Survey of Neurological
Diseases, December 1999.
Data from the National Statistics Office
(1992-1996)
Gaitatzis
et al, Acta Neurol Scand 2004; Jacoby et al, Epilepsia 1996; Baker et al, Epil
Res 1996; Kanner et al, Neurol 2004.
Astejada,
Jamora, Ledesma, Bacsal, “Anxiety and Depression Among Adult Filipino Epileptic
Patients “, PNA Convention 2002
Lee BI,
Current Status and future direction of epilepsy surgery in Asia. Neurology
2004.
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